GRAMMAR

Неправильные глаголы с транскрипцией

Неопределенная форма (Infinitive)	Простое прошедшее (Past Simple)	Причастие II (Past Participle)	Перевод на русский
arise [ə'raiz]	arose [ə'rəuz]	arisen [ə'riz(ə)n]	возникать, появляться
awake [ə'weik]	awoke [ə'wəuk]	awoken [ə'wəukən]	будить
be [bi:]	was [wɔz], were [wз:]	been [bi:n]	быть
bear [bɛə]	bore [bɔ:]	born [bɔ:n]	носить
beat [bi:t]	beat [bi:t]	beaten ['bi:tn]	бить
become [bi:kʌm]	became [bi:keim]	become[bi:kʌm]	становиться
begin [bi'gin]	began [bi'gæn]	begun [bi'gʌn]	начинать
bend [bend]	bent [bent]	bent [bent]	сгибать; гнуть
bet [bet]	bet [bet]	bet [bet]	держать пари
bind [baind]	bound [baund]	bound [baund]	вязать; связывать
bite [bait]	bit [bit]	bitten ['bitn]	кусать, жалить
bleed [bli:d]	bled [bled]	bled [bled]	кровоточить
blow [blou]	blew [blu:]	blown [bloun]	дуть
break [breik]	broke [brouk]	broken ['brouk(e)n]	ломать
breed [bri:d]	bred [bred]	bred [bred]	воспитывать, вынашивать
bring [briŋ]	brought [brɔ:t]	brought [brɔ:t]	приносить
broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st]	broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st]	broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st]	вещать, транслировать
browbeat ['braubi:t]	browbeaten ['braubi:tn]	browbeaten ['braubi:tn]	запугивать, пугать
build [bild]	built [bilt]	built [bilt]	строить
burn [bз:n]	burnt [bз:nt]	burnt [bз:nt]	гореть
burst [bз:st]	burst [bз:st]	burst [bз:st]	разразиться
bust [bʌst]	bust [bʌst]	bust [bʌst]	сломать, разрушать
buy [bai]	bought [bɔ:t]	bought [bɔ:t]	покупать
catch [kætʃ]	caught [kɔ:t]	caught [kɔ:t]	ловить, хватать, успеть
choose [tʃu:z]	chose [ʃəuz]	chosen [tʃəuz(ə)n]	выбирать
come [kʌm]	came [keim]	come [kʌm]	приходить
cost [cɔst]	cost [cɔst]	cost [cɔst]	стоить
creep [kri:p]	crept [krept]	crept [krept]	ползать
cut [kʌt]	cut [kʌt]	cut [kʌt]	резать
do [du:]	did [did]	done [dʌn]	делать
draw [drɔ:]	drew [dru:]	drawn [drɔ:n]	рисовать, тащить
dream [dri:m]	dreamt [dremt]	dreamt [dremt]	мечтать, дремать
drink [driŋk]	drank [dræŋk]	drunk [drʌŋk]	пить
drive [draiv]	drove [drouv]	driven ['drivn]	водить
eat [i:t]	ate [et]	eaten ['i:tn]	есть
fall [fɔ:l]	fell [fel]	fallen ['fɔ:lən]	падать
feed [fi:d]	fed [fed]	fed [fed]	кормить
feel [fi:l]	felt [felt]	felt [felt]	чувствовать
fight [fait]	fought [fɔ:t]	fought [fɔ:t]	бороться
find [faind]	found [faund]	found [faund]	находить
fit [fit]	fit [fit]	fit [fit]	подходить по размеру
fly [flai]	flew [flu:]	flown [floun]	летать
forget [fə'get]	forgot [fə'gɔt]	forgotten [fə'gɔt(ə)n]	забывать
forgive [fo'giv]	forgave [fo'geiv]	forgiven [fo'givn]	прощать
freeze [fri:z]	froze [frouz]	frozen ['frouzn]	замерзать
get [ get ]	got [gɔt]	got [gɔt]	получать
give [giv]	gave [geiv]	given [givn]	давать
go [gou]	went [went]	gone [gɔn]	идти
grow [grou]	grew [gru:]	grown [groun]	расти
hang [hæŋ]	hung [hʌŋ]	hung [hʌŋ]	висеть, развешивать
have [hæv]	had [hæd]	had [hæd]	иметь
hear [hiə]	heard [hз:d]	heard [hз:d]	слышать
hide [haid]	hid [hid]	hidden ['hidn]	прятать
hit [hit]	hit [hit]	hit [hit]	ударять, попадать в цель
hold [hould]	held [held]	held [held]	держать
hurt [hз:t]	hurt [hз:t]	hurt [hз:t]	ушибить
keep [ki:p]	kept [kept]	kept [kept]	содержать
kneel [ni:l]	knelt [nelt]	knelt [nelt]	стоять на коленях
know [nou]	knew [nju:]	known [noun]	знать
lay [lei]	laid [leid]	laid [leid]	класть
lead [li:d]	led [led]	led [led]	вести
lean [li:n]	leant [lent]	leant [lent]	наклоняться
learn [lз:n]	learnt [lз:nt]	learnt [lз:nt]	учить
leave [li:v]	left [left]	left [left]	оставлять
lend [lend]	lent [lent]	lent [lent]	занимать
let [let]	let [let]	let [let]	позволять
lie [lai]	lay [lei]	lain [lein]	лежать
light [lait]	lit [lit]	lit [lit]	освещать
lose [lu:z]	lost [lɔst]	lost [lɔst]	терять
make [meik]	made [meid]	made [meid]	производить
mean [mi:n]	meant [ment]	meant [ment]	значить
meet [mi:t]	met [met]	met [met]	встречать
mistake [mis'teik]	mistook [mis'tuk]	mistaken [mis'teik(e)n]	ошибаться
pay [pei]	paid [peid]	paid [peid]	платить
prove [pru:v]	proved [pru:vd]	proven [pru:vn]	доказывать
put [put]	put [put]	put [put]	положить
quit [kwit]	quit [kwit]	quit [kwit]	выходить
read [ri:d]	read [red]	read [red]	читать
ride [raid]	rode [roud]	ridden ['ridn]	ездить верхом
ring [riŋ]	rang [ræŋ]	rung [rʌŋ]	звенеть
rise [raiz]	rose [rouz]	risen ['rizn]	подниматься
run [rʌŋ]	ran [ræŋ]	run [rʌŋ]	бежать
say [sei]	said [sed]	said [sed]	говорить
see [si:]	saw [sɔ:]	seen [si:n]	видеть
seek [si:k]	sought [sɔ:t]	sought [sɔ:t]	искать
sell [sel]	sold [sould]	sold [sould]	продавать
send [send]	sent [sent]	sent [sent]	посылать
set [set]	set [set]	set [set]	ставить
sew [sou]	sewed [soud]	sewn [soun]	шить
shake [ʃeik]	shook [ʃuk]	shaken ['ʃeik(ə)n]	встряхивать
shoot	shot	shot	стрелять
show [ʃəu]	showed [ʃəud]	shown [ʃəun]	показывать
shrink [ʃriŋk]	shrank [ʃræŋk]	shrunk [ʃrʌŋk]	уменьшать
shut [ʃʌt]	shut [ʃʌt]	shut [ʃʌt]	закрывать
sing [siŋ]	sang [sæŋ]	sung [sʌŋ]	петь
sink [siŋk]	sank [sæŋk], sunk [sʌŋk]	sunk [sʌŋk]	тонуть
sit [sit]	sat [sæt]	sat [sæt]	сидеть
sleep [sli:p]	slept [slept]	slept [slept]	спать
slide [slaid]	slid [slid]	slid [slid]	скользить
sow [sou]	sowed [soud]	sown [soun]	сеять
speak [spi:k]	spoke [spouk]	spoken ['spouk(e)n]	говорить
spell [spel]	spelt [spelt]	spelt [spelt]	произносить по буквам
spend [spend]	spent [spent]	spent [spent]	тратить
spill [spil]	spilt [spilt]	spilt [spilt]	проливать
spoil [spɔil]	spoilt [spɔilt]	spoilt [spɔilt]	портить
spread [spred]	spread [spred]	spread [spred]	расстилать
spring [spriŋ]	sprang [spræŋ]	sprung [sprʌŋ]	прыгать
stand [stænd]	stood [stu:d]	stood [stu:d]	стоять
steal [sti:l]	stole [stoul]	stolen ['stəulən]	красть
stick [stik]	stuck [stʌk]	stuck [stʌk]	колоть
sting [stiŋ]	stung [stʌŋ]	stung [stʌŋ]	жалить
sweep [swi:p]	swept [swept]	swept [swept]	выметать
swell [swel]	swelled [sweld]	swollen ['swoul(e)n]	разбухать
swim [swim]	swam [swem]	swum [swʌm]	плавать
swing [swiŋ]	swung [swʌŋ]	swung [swʌŋ]	качать
take [teik]	took [tuk]	taken ['teik(ə)n]	брать, взять
teach [ti:tʃ]	taught [tɔ:t]	taught [tɔ:t]	учить
tear [tɛə]	tore [tɔ:]	torn [tɔ:n]	рвать
tell [tel]	told [tould]	told [tould]	рассказывать
think [θiŋk]	thought [θɔ:t]	thought [θɔ:t]	думать
throw [θrəu]	threw [θru:]	thrown [θrəun]	бросать
understand [ʌndə'stænd]	understood [ʌndə'stud]	understood [ʌndə'stud]	понимать
wake [weik]	woke [wouk]	woken ['wouk(e)n]	просыпаться
wear [wɛə]	wore [wɔ:]	worn [wɔ:n]	носить
weep [wi:p]	wept [wept]	wept [wept]	плакать
wet [wet]	wet [wet]	wet [wet]	мочить
win [win]	won [wʌn]	won [wʌn]	выигрывать
wind [waind]	wound [waund]	wound [waund]	извиваться
write [rait]	wrote [rout]	written ['ritn]	писать

GERUND OR INFINITIVE

Verbs + -ing
like love adore  enjoy prefer hate can't stand don't mind finish look forward to	doing cooking sightseeing
Note Like, love, adore, prefer, hate are sometimes used with to but -ing is more usual and more general in meaning. I like cooking. I like to cook beef on Sundays.

Verbs + to + infinitive
agree choose dare decide expect forget help hope learn manage need offer promise refuse seem want would like would love would prefer would hate	to do to come to cook
Notes 1. Help and dare can be used without to. We helped tidy the kitchen. They didn’t dare disagree with him. 2. Have to for obligation I have to wear a uniform. 3. Used to for past habits. I used to smoke but I gave up last year.

  

Verbs + somebody + to + infinitive
advise allow ask beg encourage expect help need invite order remind tell want warn (+ not) would like would love would prefer would hate	me him them someone	to do to go to come

Verbs + somebody + infinitive (no to)
let make help	her us	do
Notes 1.  To is used with make in the passive. We were made to work hard. 2.  Let cannot be used in the passive. Allowed to is used instead. She was allowed to leave.

Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive (with no change in meaning)
begin start continue	raining to rain

Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive cjnn' (with a change in meaningly
remember stop try	doing to do
Notes 1.  I remember posting the letter.= I have a memory now of a past action: posting the letter. I remembered to post the letter. = I reminded myself to post the letter. 2.  I stopped smoking.= I gave up the habit. I stopped to smoke. = I stopped doing something else in order to have a cigarette. 3. I tried to sleep.= I wanted to sleep but it was difficult. I tried counting sheep and taking sleeping pills.= these were possible ways of getting to sleep

Союзы either ... or, neither ... nor

Парный союз either ... or означает или ... или, либо ... либо, его антонимом является парный союз neither ... nor ни ... ни.

She is either English or American.	Она или англичанка, или американка.
Either he or you will have to go.	Либо ему, либо вам придется уйти.
I saw neither your camera nor the pictures.	Я не видел, ни твоего фотоапарата, ни снимков.

Без своих пар слова either и neither означают соответственно любой и ни один, ни тот, ни другой, тоже не (нет).

Either of these coats is good enough for me.	Любое из этих пальто для меня достаточно хорошо.
I liked neither of these stories.	Ни один (ни тот, ни другой) из этих рассказов мне не понравился.
I don't know him. Neither do you.	Я его не знаю. Вы тоже.

	Agreeing	Disagreeing
Positive Statement	I’m a vegetarian. So am I.	I’ve been there with my family. Oh, I haven’t.
Negative Statement	I don’t eat junk food. Neither do I.	I don’t know where it is. Oh, I do.

TOO, EITHER – тоже.

TOO - употребляется в утвердительных предложениях, в конце предложения.

Например: I can do it. My sister can do it, too.

EITHER – употребляется в отрицательных предложениях, в конце предложения. Например: I can’t do it. My sister can’t do it either.